-
1.
Glucagon-like peptide-1 regulation by food proteins and protein hydrolysates.
Miguéns-Gómez, A, Casanova-Martí, À, Blay, MT, Terra, X, Beltrán-Debón, R, Rodríguez-Gallego, E, Ardévol, A, Pinent, M
Nutrition research reviews. 2021;(2):259-275
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an enterohormone with a key role in several processes controlling body homeostasis, including glucose homeostasis and food intake regulation. It is secreted by the intestinal cells in response to nutrients, such as glucose, fat and amino acids. In the present review, we analyse the effect of protein on GLP-1 secretion and clearance. We review the literature on the GLP-1 secretory effects of protein and protein hydrolysates, and the mechanisms through which they exert these effects. We also review the studies on protein from different sources that has inhibitory effects on dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4), the enzyme responsible for GLP-1 inactivation, with particular emphasis on specific sources and treatments, and the gaps there still are in knowledge. There is evidence that the protein source and the hydrolytic processing applied to them can influence the effects on GLP-1 signalling. The gastrointestinal digestion of proteins, for example, significantly changes their effectiveness at modulating this enterohormone secretion in both in vivo and in vitro studies. Nevertheless, little information is available regarding human studies and more research is required to understand their potential as regulators of glucose homeostasis.
-
2.
Dietary protein and protein substitute requirements in adults with phenylketonuria: A review of the clinical guidelines.
Firman, S, Witard, OC, O'Keeffe, M, Ramachandran, R
Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland). 2021;(3):702-709
Abstract
Lifelong dietary treatment is recommended in the management of phenylketonuria (PKU). Accordingly, an increasing adult population require age-specific PKU guidelines on protein requirements to support changing metabolic demands across the lifespan. Given that protein intake for dietary management of PKU is primarily (52-80%) derived from protein substitutes, the prescribing practice of protein substitutes must be underpinned by robust evidence. Whilst dietary guidelines for PKU management is evolving to incorporate adult specific protein recommendations, the scientific evidence underpinning these guidelines is currently limited. Instead, the determination of protein requirements for people with PKU have previously been extrapolated from estimates derived from the general healthy population, based on arguably outdated nitrogen balance methodology. Furthermore, a compensatory factor of 20-40% has been incorporated to account for the reduced uptake and utilisation of the elemental amino acids contained in protein substitutes. However, research informing this compensatory factor has been conducted in younger adults, with the majority of studies in non-PKU individuals. Given extensive evidence that the muscle anabolic response to ingested protein is impaired in older vs. young adults, the validity of current dietary protein recommendations for adults and older adults with PKU has been challenged. This narrative review aims to critically evaluate the existing scientific evidence underpinning current guidelines on protein requirements for adults with PKU, highlighting existing gaps in knowledge and directions for future research. We argue that current guidelines on protein requirements need updating to optimise long-term physical and functional outcomes in older adults with PKU.
-
3.
Strategies to Prevent Sarcopenia in the Aging Process: Role of Protein Intake and Exercise.
Rogeri, PS, Zanella, R, Martins, GL, Garcia, MDA, Leite, G, Lugaresi, R, Gasparini, SO, Sperandio, GA, Ferreira, LHB, Souza-Junior, TP, et al
Nutrients. 2021;(1)
Abstract
Sarcopenia is one of the main issues associated with the process of aging. Characterized by muscle mass loss, it is triggered by several conditions, including sedentary habits and negative net protein balance. According to World Health Organization, it is expected a 38% increase in older individuals by 2025. Therefore, it is noteworthy to establish recommendations to prevent sarcopenia and several events and comorbidities associated with this health issue condition. In this review, we discuss the role of these factors, prevention strategies, and recommendations, with a focus on protein intake and exercise.
-
4.
Dietary Protein Requirements in Children: Methods for Consideration.
Hudson, JL, Baum, JI, Diaz, EC, Børsheim, E
Nutrients. 2021;(5)
Abstract
The current protein requirement estimates in children were largely determined from studies using the nitrogen balance technique, which has been criticized for potentially underestimating protein needs. Indeed, recent advances in stable isotope techniques suggests protein requirement as much as 60% higher than current recommendations. Furthermore, there is not a separate recommendation for children who engage in higher levels of physical activity. The current evidence suggests that physical activity increases protein requirements to support accretion of lean body masses from adaptations to exercise. The indicator amino acid oxidation and the 15N-end product methods represent alternatives to the nitrogen balance technique for estimating protein requirements. Several newer methods, such as the virtual biopsy approach and 2H3-creatine dilution method could also be deployed to inform about pediatric protein requirements, although their validity and reproducibility is still under investigation. Based on the current evidence, the Dietary Reference Intakes for protein indicate that children 4-13 years and 14-18 years require 0.95 and 0.85 g·kg-1·day-1, respectively, based on the classic nitrogen balance technique. There are not enough published data to overturn these estimates; however, this is a much-needed area of research.
-
5.
Advances in understanding immune mechanisms of food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome.
Berin, MC
Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2021;(5):478-481
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This review provides an overview of our current understanding of the mechanisms of food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES). DATA SOURCES To capture recent articles published since our previous comprehensive review on the pathophysiology of FPIES, we performed a literature search through PubMed database, using the search terms FPIES and food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome from 2016 to the current year. STUDY SELECTIONS Studies in English containing biomarker or immune data were reviewed and summarized. RESULTS Studies of peripheral blood fail to exhibit evidence of antigen-specific humoral or cellular immunity underlying clinical reactivity to foods in FPIES. However, growing evidence suggests a robust systemic innate immune activation occurring during FPIES reactions and the activation of neuroendocrine pathways. CONCLUSION FPIES reactions are associated with marked activation of innate immune and neuroendocrine pathways; however, the mechanism underlying the specific recognition of foods remains elusive.
-
6.
Gastrointestinal immunopathology of food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome and other non-immunoglobulin E-mediated food allergic diseases.
Su, KW, Shreffler, WG, Yuan, Q
Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2021;(5):516-523
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide a concise summary of the current literature regarding gastrointestinal immunopathology of food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) and other non-immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated food allergic diseases. DATA SOURCES Data were extracted from PubMed, MEDLINE, and ScienceDirect databases. STUDY SELECTIONS Original articles, review articles, and guidelines published in the past 5 years in peer-reviewed journals were first summarized. The original articles cited were then reviewed and relevant results were extracted. RESULTS Patients with FPIES and non-IgE-mediated food allergic diseases developed vomiting, diarrhea, and food aversion expelled food allergen from their bodies. Aside from T helper type 2 (TH2) immunity, TH1, TH17, innate immunity, and epithelial mucosal barrier defect were also found to be important in the pathogenesis. Eosinophils, widely identified in the biopsy samples, were key players or were late-recruited cells for tissue repairs in those diseases. Intestinal dysbiosis and their metabolites stimulated enterochromaffin cells or enteroendocrine cells to produce serotonin, interfering with intestinal motility and subsequently affecting brain function. FPIES and non-IgE-mediated food allergic diseases were likely part of the atopic march. Allergic inflammation in intestinal mucosa might result in subsequent inflammation in the airway mucosa, suggesting the theory of "one mucosa, one disease." CONCLUSION The immune responses of FPIES and non-IgE-mediated food allergic diseases were not limited to the gastrointestinal tract, but also trigger wider inflammatory responses beyond it. Further research will be required to determine the systemic effect and intestinal microbiome of those diseases.
-
7.
Comprehensive assessment of post-prandial protein handling by the application of intrinsically labelled protein in vivo in human subjects.
Trommelen, J, Holwerda, AM, Pinckaers, PJM, van Loon, LJC
The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2021;(2):221-229
Abstract
All human tissues are in a constant state of remodelling, regulated by the balance between tissue protein synthesis and breakdown rates. It has been well-established that protein ingestion stimulates skeletal muscle and whole-body protein synthesis. Stable isotope-labelled amino acid methodologies are commonly applied to assess the various aspects of protein metabolism in vivo in human subjects. However, to achieve a more comprehensive assessment of post-prandial protein handling in vivo in human subjects, intravenous stable isotope-labelled amino acid infusions can be combined with the ingestion of intrinsically labelled protein and the collection of blood and muscle tissue samples. The combined application of ingesting intrinsically labelled protein with continuous intravenous stable isotope-labelled amino acid infusion allows the simultaneous assessment of protein digestion and amino acid absorption kinetics (e.g. release of dietary protein-derived amino acids into the circulation), whole-body protein metabolism (whole-body protein synthesis, breakdown and oxidation rates and net protein balance) and skeletal muscle metabolism (muscle protein fractional synthesis rates and dietary protein-derived amino acid incorporation into muscle protein). The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the various aspects of post-prandial protein handling and metabolism with a focus on insights obtained from studies that have applied intrinsically labelled protein under a variety of conditions in different populations.
-
8.
Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome oral food challenge: Time for a change?
Bird, JA, Barni, S, Brown-Whitehorn, TF, du Toit, G, Infante, S, Nowak-Wegrzyn, A
Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2021;(5):506-515
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) is typically diagnosed based on a characteristic clinical history; however, an oral food challenge (OFC) may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis or evaluate for the development of tolerance. FPIES OFC methods vary globally, and there is no universally agreed upon protocol. The objective of this review is to summarize reported FPIES OFC approaches and consider unmet needs in diagnosing and managing FPIES. DATA SOURCES PubMed database was searched using the keywords food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome, oral food challenge, cow milk allergy, food allergy, non-immunoglobulin E-mediated food allergy and FPIES. STUDY SELECTIONS Primary and review articles were selected based on relevance to the diagnosis of FPIES and the FPIES OFC. RESULTS We reviewed the history of FPIES and the evolution and variations in the FPIES OFC. A summary of current literature suggests that most patients with FPIES will react with 25% to 33% of a standard serving of the challenged food, there is little benefit to offering a divided dose challenge unless there is suspicion of specific immunoglobulin E to the food being challenged, reactions typically appear within 1 to 4 hours of ingestion, and reactions during OFC rarely result in emergency department or intensive care unit admission. CONCLUSION International standardization in the FPIES OFC approach is necessary with particular attention to specific dose administration across challenged foods, timing between the patient's reaction and offered OFC to verify tolerance, patient safety considerations before the OFC, and identification of characteristics that would indicate home reintroduction is appropriate.
-
9.
Rational Use of Protein Supplements in the Elderly-Relevance of Gastrointestinal Mechanisms.
Chapman, I, Oberoi, A, Giezenaar, C, Soenen, S
Nutrients. 2021;(4)
Abstract
Protein supplements are increasingly used by older people to maintain nutrition and prevent or treat loss of muscle function. Daily protein requirements in older people are in the range of 1.2 gm/kg/day or higher. Many older adults do not consume this much protein and are likely to benefit from higher consumption. Protein supplements are probably best taken twice daily, if possible soon after exercise, in doses that achieve protein intakes of 30 gm or more per episode. It is probably not important to give these supplements between meals, as we have shown no suppressive effects of 30 gm whey drinks, and little if any suppression of 70 gm given to older subjects at varying time intervals from meals. Many gastrointestinal mechanisms controlling food intake change with age, but their contributions to changes in responses to protein are not yet well understood. There may be benefits in giving the supplement with rather than between meals, to achieve protein intakes above the effective anabolic threshold with lower supplement doses, and have favourable effects on food-induced blood glucose increases in older people with, or at risk of developing, type 2 diabetes mellitus; combined protein and glucose drinks lower blood glucose compared with glucose alone in older people.
-
10.
Bioactive peptides from foods: production, function, and application.
Jia, L, Wang, L, Liu, C, Liang, Y, Lin, Q
Food & function. 2021;(16):7108-7125
Abstract
Bioactive peptides are a class of peptides with special physiological functions and have potential applications in human health and disease prevention. Bioactive peptides have gained much research attention because they affect the cardiovascular, endocrine, immune, and nervous systems. Recent research has reported that bioactive peptides are of great value for physiological function regulation, including antioxidation, anti-hypertension, antithrombosis, antibacterial properties, anti-cancer, anti-inflammation, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, cholesterol-lowering, immunoregulation, mineral binding and opioid activities. The production of food-derived bioactive peptides is mainly through the hydrolysis of digestive enzymes and proteolytic enzymes or microbial fermentation. The purpose of this review is to introduce the production, function, application, challenges, and prospects of food-derived bioactive peptides.